1) Manfred Eigen et al., "How Old is the Genetic Code? Statistical Geometry of tRNA Provides an Answer," Science 244 (1989) 673-79

2) Robert Irion, "Ocean Scientists Find Life, Warmth in the Seas", Science 279 (1998, 1303

3) Michael J. Welsh, Andrew D. Robertson, and Linda S. Ostedgaard, "The ABC of a Versatile Engine", Nature 396 (1998), 623-24

4) Elizabeth Pennisi, "Static Evolution: Is Pond Scum the Same Now as Billions of Years Ago?", Science News 145 (1994), 168-169

5) Richard A. Kerr, "Evolution's Big Bang Gets Even more Explosive", Science 261 (1993) pp. 1274-1275

6) Chen Juyan et al., "The Most Remarkable Discovery: Chegjiang Fossils", Chinese National Geography, 467 (Sept, 1999), 6-25

7) Mark Newman, “A New Picture of Life’s History on Earth,” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA 98 (2001), 5955-56

8) David Haig and Laurence D. Hurst, "A Quantitative Measure of Erron Minimization in the Genetic Code", Journal of Molecular Evolution, 33 (1991), 511-518

9) Herbert P. Yockey, Information Theory and molecular Biology, Cambridge University Press, 1992, 180-183

Potassium ion channel animations from http://www.rockefeller.edu/ pubinfo/ howkion.html